DESIGN AND CREATION OF MULTIMEDIA GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS(GIS) FOR PUBLIC HEALTHCARE FACILITIES OF OBIO-AKPOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF RIVERS STATE
BY
DOUMU, PETER KURO
NUMBERS PAGES: 65 RESEARCH TYPE:- PROJECT AMOUNT :- ₦
DOWNLOAD PROJECT
ABSTRACT
This project is based on multimedia GIS of public healthcare facilities in Obio/Akpor local government area. It aims to design and create a multimedia geospatial information systems database for the primary healthcare centers within the study area in order to create a functional spatial and aspatial database on the primary healthcare facilities, to create various on-demand thematic maps that show the distribution of the facilities in the study area and to perform various single and multiple criteria query analysis on the parameters of the database. The location of the facilities was acquired using a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. Open street map, world street map and google earth provided aerial imagery of these facilities. Secondary data was acquired by various relevant government agencies. Digital Camera was used to acquire video and images of primary healthcare facilities in order to create the multimedia GIS database. ArcGIS 10.7 software was used for data processing and analysis. Varying spatial and attribute queries were formulated to form maps and a relational tabular data of the facilities. The results show the distribution of healthcare facilities in facilities that were serving more than 10,000 people in the community. It showed distribution of facilities with no medical doctor. Two facilities had less than 20 medical staff but were serving an area with a population of over 10,000 people. The creation of multimedia GIS database on primary healthcare facilities is useful in data collection and management of the facilities in Obio/Akpor local government area and Rivers State in general.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1 Background of Study ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem …………………………………………………………………………………. 6
1.3 Aim and Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
1.4 Significance of Study ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.5 Plan of the Work ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
1.6 Study Area ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
1.7 limitations………………………………………………………………………………….…11
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………….. 12
2.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
2.1 Theoretical review ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
2.1.1 Geospatial Information Systems (GIS)………………………………………………………………… 12
2.1.2 Multimedia Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) ………………………………………………. 13
2.2 Empirical Review …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
2.3 literature Gap …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………………………………… 20
3.1 Research Design …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.1.2 Equipment …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
3.2 Sources of Data ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
3.3 Methods of Data Collection …………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
3.4 Methods of Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
3.4.1 Network Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
3.4.2 Vector Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 24
3.4.2 Query Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
3..4.3 Hyperlinks ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
3.5 Expected Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND PRESENTATION …………………………………………………………. 28
4.1 Design and Creation of Multimedia GIS Database ……………………………………………………… 28
4.2 Thematic maps of Primary Healthcare Facilities in Obio-Akpor ………………………………….. 29
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………………. 46
5.1 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
5.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage and present georeferenced data. GIS helps in examining the relationship between where we are and what is located there enabling us to use it to solve intricate problems that affects our way of life and society. The applications of GIS are very broad as it is used in varying sectors like health, transport, public administration, environment etc.
GIS can also be defined as “a system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are specifically referenced to the Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced computer database and appropriate applications software” (Fazal, 2008)
GIS can also be defined as;
The activity by which people
– Measure aspects of geographic phenomena and processes;
– Represent these measurements, usually in the form of a computer database, to emphasize spatial themes, entitles and relationships;
– Operate upon these representations to produce more measurements and to discover new relationships by integrating disparate sources; and
– Transform these representations to conform to other frameworks of entities and relationships: (Fazal 2008)
We are in the golden age in terms of Information and Communication Technology and this has naturally propelled GIS into heights where the software is becoming more advanced with time and the application of GIS is broader than ever.
History of GIS
The first link we can trace back to where analysis was done regarding relationship with what and where is in 1854 in a Cholera outbreak. Then, people believed the disease was airborne, but an English Doctor Dr. Jon Snow didn’t agree. He decided to map out the outbreak locations, the roads and the property boundaries and the water pumps, after he did this, he made a discovery, a pattern that proved that the disease was not airborne but was been transmitted through infected water from the water pump. This was the beginnings of spatial analysis. Dr. Snow’s work is an indication of the problem-solving prowess of GIS (Steenson, 2019).
Before 1960
There was no such thing as computer mapping, nothing had been developed. Every form of mapping was done on paper or sieve. In the 50s maps were simple. They had their place in vehicle routing, development planning and points of interest but these weren’t done on computers. (Steenson, 2019)
1960 – 1975
This period there was 3 major technological advancements in new computer technology which led to the birth of modern GIS. Those were; the ability to output map graphics using line printers; advances in data storage and the processing power of mainframe computers. These advancements meant coordinates of locations could be recorded as data inputs and calculations can be done on those coordinates. Roger Tomlinson who is widely regarded as the “Father of GIS” during his time with the Canadian Government in the 60s, was responsible for the creation of the Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) that was unique as it implemented a layering approach to map handling. The Ordinance Survey Great Britain developed its topographic mapping system. They used computers in simplifying and updating future map, and in 1971 digital mapping was introduced to Operating System large-scale map development. (Steenson, 2019).
1975 – 1990
This era saw the creation of GIS software. Jack Dangermond who studied environmental science, landscape architecture and urban design, in his own words: “I had some notion of applying computer mapping to my profession”. In the mid-1970s the laboratory he worked for in Harvard developed the first vector GIS called ODYSSEY GIS. But before the end of the decade, advancements in computer memory and graphics capabilities led to the creation of commercial GIS software. Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) was one of the vendors. In 2022 ESRI is the largest GIS software company in the world. (Steenson, 2019).
1990 – 2010
Between 1990 and 2010 the ownership of GIS shot to popularity in the mainstream. This was caused by a number of these advancements: computers were cheaper, quicker, and more powerful. There had been increasing alternatives for GIS, and digitized mapping data which was even more readily available. These advancements, collectively aided by the launch of fresh earth observation satellites and the combination of remote sensing technology with GIS, saw an increasing number of applications being developed. GIS found its way into classes, and businesses in order to governments globally. (Steenson, 2019).
Today
GIS is being used today in many ways that we do not notice. The application of GIS is been used on many of our technological devices such as our phones and computers. A lot of apps we use on a daily basis are location based e.g., weather, bolt, google maps etc.
GIS is also been applied in varying fields from medicine to urban planning in order to provide technical solutions to existing problems or to serve as a planning tool for future physical development,
Concept of Multimedia GIS
The term “multimedia” within the 1970s meant a sound track synchronized to at least one or more slide projectors and an automatically advancing collection of slides. Today, multimedia implies the utilization of a private computer (PC) with information presented through the subsequent media: 1) text (descriptive text, narrative and labels); 2) graphics (drawings, diagrams, charts, snapshots or photographs); 3) digital video (television-style material in digital format); 4) digital audio sound (music and oral narration); and 5) computer animation (changing maps, objects and images) (Hu 2001). Multimedia technology has been extensively utilized by commercial encyclopedia ROMs like Microsoft Encyclopedia CD-ROM to supply a multi-sensory learning environment and the opportunity to enhance the understanding of an idea. Although the interactivity is not the essence of transmission, it is, however, the feature of a object-oriented database management system. The essential feature of an object-oriented database management system is that the concept of hypertext (nodes or concepts) and hyperlinks (relationships) (Nielson 1990).
Another definition of multimedia says that multimedia could be a type of analogue and digital sorts of data that move via common communication channels. However, in everyday terms, multimedia refers to the technology of information integration and presentation. There are five data types in forming multimedia: text, graphics, animation, video and sound. Multimedia isn’t a completely unique technology, but only several years ago it became possible to use it on personal computers (pes) and, hence, bring it closer to a good range of users. The multimedia technique has been primarily applied within the fields of entertainment. At present, its application has been acquiring the professional fields.
Primary Healthcare (PHC)
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), “PHC is a whole-of-society approach to health that aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution by focusing on people’s needs and as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care, and as close as feasible to people’s everyday environment.”
The PHC is an approach to strengthen and organize a country’s national health system by bringing services of health and well-being to the communal level. The primary healthcare centers are the facilities created by Nigeria in order to fulfil the initiative of making health and wellbeing accessible to the smallest communities across the country. The primary healthcare extends from just medical and health services, services such as rehabilitation, palliative care and community service is also involved in the primary healthcare.
The WHO stated 3 components of the PHC which are;
– Integrated health services to meet people’s health needs throughout their lives
– Addressing the broader determinants of health through multisectoral policy and action
– Empowering individuals, families and communities to take charge of their own health.
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
Designing a multimedia GIS database on the Primary Healthcare facilities in Obio/Akpor Local Government would provide a technical solution to problems in primary healthcare, Healthcare (PHC)
The Primary Healthcare of the Local Governments, they are understaffed, have inadequate equipment, poor condition of health-care services, poor condition of infrastructure and lack of essential drug supply. (Chinawa, 2015).
These enumerated problems will be examined and queried in a problem-solving environment to provide avenues where revenue can be generated, decision making can be aided and also provide technical solutions to problems. Within economic development, Multimedia GIS database will be employed to support decision making in the administration in the study area.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to design and create a multimedia Geospatial Information System database for Primary Healthcare Centers in Obio-Akpor Local Government
The objectives of this research work are to;
i. Design and Create Multimedia GIS Database
ii. Acquire geospatial data through primary and secondary sources
iii. Populate and Analyse acquired dataset in the database
iv. Create on-demand thematic maps of the study area
v. Query the database of the study area in a problem-solving environment
1.4 Significance of the Study
The primary healthcare facilities of Obio/Akpor local government area has affected the lives of people living in the area as their day-to-day living has been compromised from healthcare, education to transportation, so the design and creation of a multimedia GIS for effective administration of the Local Government would improve their living conditions.
Government. The goal of the government is to provide for its citizens in general. As the government provide public health-care, education and sanitation, this project would give them a good indication on how they can effectively and efficiently administer the local government in order to provide adequately for the citizens.
Academia and General Public: The result and findings of this work would provide a reference for other scholars seeking to understand more or access more on the application of multimedia GIS in public healthcare facilities. This research is expected to be an additional contribution to the body of knowledge that is already in existence. The result would also spread the wide range of GIS application to everyday problems This research work would serve as reference for researchers to improve materials on multimedia GIS
This research on Design and creation of multimedia GIS for Obio-Akpor Local Government administration would aim as a medium to improve the administrative and the physical planning process.
1.5 Plan of The Work
Chapter 1: I would be introducing the research project which involves the background of study, statement of the research problem, aim and objective, significance and the study and the study area.
Chapter 2: This involves the review of previous literature related to the topic
Chapter 3: The methodology that would be involved in the research project. In data collection and analysis.
Chapter 4: Presentation of Analysed Data and Results
Chapter 5: Recommendation and Conclusion
This project would be based on multimedia GIS of Obio-Akpor Local Government Administration. It involves data capturing, database design, data analysis and presentation of the information.
1.6 Study Area
Obio-Akpor is a local government area located in the metropolis of Port-Harcourt, one of the major centers of economic activities in Nigeria and one of the major cities in the Niger Delta, which is located in Rivers State. The local government covers an area of 260km2 and it has a population of 464,789. It has a postal code of 500102. Obio-Akpor has its headquarters at Rumuodomaya and it is home to the Ikwerre tribe in Rivers State.
Location
Obio-Akpor is located between the latitudes 4o45’N and 4o60’N and longitudes 6o60’E and 8o00’E. it is bounded by port-Harcourt LGA to the South, Oyigbo and Eleme to the East, Ikwerre and Etche to the North and Emohua to the West.
Climate
Obio-Akpor features a tropical monsoon climate (Koppen: Am) with a lengthy and heavy rain seasons and very short dry seasons with only three months (December to February truly qualifies as dry season months. The harmattan is less pronounced in Obio-Akpor. The heaviest period of precipitation occurs in September with an average of 367mm of rain. December is on average the driest month of the year, with the average of 20mm. Temperatures are relatively constant throughout the year with little variation, typically between 25 – 28o C.
Local Government Council
The Obio-Akpor Local Government Council is the governing body for Obio-Akpor, it was created in 3 May 1989 to handle the government at the local level. It performs this function through its own executive and legislative organs.
Obio-Akpor is one of the 8 local government areas that formed the Rivers East senatorial district. It consists of 17 electoral wards LGA is governed by the chairman who serves as the chief executive. The chairman is usually elected however, under some circumstances can be appointed.
Along with its headquarters Rumuodumaya, some major towns and localities include; Choba, Eneka, Mgbuoba, Oroazi, Rukpokwu, Rumuaghalu, Rumudara, Rumuoji, Rumuokoro, Rumuola, Rumuosi, Trans Amadi, Woji etc.
